[LT-02]
The TikTok Ruling That Redefined Data Sovereignty
In May 2025, the Irish Data Protection Commission issued a €530M GDPR fine against TikTok for transferring EU user data to China without adequate safeguards.
The fine is now the second-largest individual GDPR penalty ever issued, trailing only the €1.2B Meta fine from 2023, also issued by the Irish DPC, for illegal EU-US data transfers to Facebook's US servers. Together, these two cases establish a clear enforcement pattern: cross-b...